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Why do normal parents give birth to an abnormal child with a genetic abnormality?

Normal parents can have babies with genetic abnormalities due to three main reasons. First, random errors in gamete formation cause chromosome number deviations (e.g., Down syndrome, trisomy 21), more common in women over 35. Second, structural chromosome mutations like deletions or duplications (e.g., Cri du Chat syndrome). Third, recessive single-gene mutations where both parents are carriers (heterozygous) without symptoms, such as thalassemia or hemophilia. Prenatal screening or PGT in IVF can detect these.

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